太空飞行后秀丽隐杆线虫肌相关基因和蛋白质变化

太空飞行所致的肌萎缩和重力感知的分子机制至今尚不清楚．研究太空飞行对秀丽隐杆线虫（C.elegans）体壁肌细胞结构和功能的影响．经过近15天太空飞行后对其生存率和运动能力进行了观察,并检测了5个重要的肌相关基因的表达和3种蛋白质含量．太空研究是在动物的整体水平进行的,而不是就单个细胞的研究．经历太空飞行后线虫生存率没有明显变化,但运动频率变慢,爬行轨迹也发生了改变,提示线虫运动功能出现障碍,这些数据揭示：微重力下秀丽线虫肌肉发育发生了变化．肌球蛋白A（myosin A）免疫荧光染色观察发现,太空飞行组肌纤维面积缩小,肌细胞致密体（dense－body）荧光亮度下降．这些形态学观察直接提示太空组线虫出现了肌萎缩．但是,肌动蛋白（F-actin）荧光染色显示两组并无明显差别．基因表达水平的分析结果显示,在太空飞行组动物中dys－1表达明显上调,同时hlh－1,myo－3,unc－54和egl—19基因表达下调．抗肌萎缩蛋白（dystrophin,由dys—1编码）是抗肌萎缩蛋白－糖蛋白复合物（DGC）的主要组成成分,而该复合物在微重力下增多,提示肌细胞是为了接受更多的力学刺激以维持细胞内外的力学平衡,所以该复合物在肌细胞的重力感知中起关键作用．基因hlh－1,myo－3,unc－54和egl－19表达下调,说明它们分别从结构和功能两个途径促进了微重力性肌萎缩的发生．最后,Western blot结果提示,太空组线虫体壁肌内肌球蛋白A减少,进一步确证了太空飞行中线虫有肌萎缩发生．     

披碱草与新麦草属间杂种的细胞遗传学研究

将澳大利亚披碱草(Elymus scabervar.scaber,2n=6x=42,StYW)和华山新麦草(Psathyrostachys huas-hanica,2n=2x=14,Ns)进行属间杂交,成功获得杂种F1。分析亲本及其杂种F1的形态特征、繁育特性及花粉母细胞减数分裂染色体配对行为发现:杂种F1形态特征介于父母本之间,分蘖数等农艺性状超过双亲;花粉完全不育,结实率为0。亲本减数分裂染色体配对正常,但杂种F1花粉母细胞在减数分裂中期I染色体几乎没有配对,其构型为:27.31Ⅰ 0.01Ⅱ(环) 0.32Ⅱ(棒) 0.01Ⅲ,C值仅为0.01。以上结果表明:澳大利亚披碱草的StYW染色体组与华山新麦草的Ns染色体组间无同源性,它们之间的亲缘关系甚远。     

Drastic post‐LGM expansion and lack of historical genetic structure of a subtropical fig‐pollinating wasp (Ceratosolen sp. 1) of Ficus septica in Taiwan

The climatic oscillations of the last glacial period have had profound influences on the demography and levels of genetic diversity of extant species. Molecular evidence of glacial effects on temperate species has been well documented, whereas little is known regarding that on subtropical species. Here we present analyses based on partial sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene (1052 bp) and genotypes at 15 microsatellite loci to investigate the historical demography, population structure and ongoing gene flow of an undescribed fig‐pollinating wasp (Ceratosolen sp. 1) of Ficus septica in subtropical Taiwan. Reconstructed historical demography based on the coalescent tree of COI sequences suggests that C. sp. 1 has undergone a drastic population expansion which was tightly coupled with climatic changes since the last glacial maximum (LGM). The magnitude of the population size change was approximately 500‐fold, indicating that the population of this wasp and its host was likely highly compressed during the last glacial period. The lack of significant population differentiation (F_ST < 0.02, for all pairwise F_ST values) may be due to rapid postglacial expansion facilitated by long‐distance dispersal, although a low frequency of first‐generation migrants was detected. Our results clearly demonstrate how recent climatic changes since the LGM and dispersal ability have jointly shaped the genetic composition of a subtropical fig‐pollinating wasp.     

STROPHOMENIDE BRACHIOPODS FROM THE CHANGWU FORMATION (LATE KATIAN, LATE ORDOVICIAN) OF CHUN'AN, WESTERN ZHEJIANG, SOUTH-EAST CHINA

Abstract:  Late Ordovician strophomenide brachiopods (superfamilies Strophomenoidea and Plectambonitoidea) from the upper Changwu Formation (mid Ashgill, late Katian) of Jianglütang, Chun'an County, western Zhejiang Province, consist of ten genera and 12 species. Five new species of three new genera are recognized: Chunanomena triporcata , Chunanomena sembellina , Cheramomena subsolana , Lateriseptomena modesta , and Lateriseptomena rugosa . The strophomenide brachiopods from the upper Katian strata described in this study and those from the border region of Zhejiang and Jiangxi provinces reported in previous work contain 16 strophomenoid and 12 plectambonitoid genera, and most of the strophomenoids are endemic to South China. Numerical analysis of well-documented late Katian strophomenide brachiopod faunas indicates a strong provincialism, characterized by the highly distinct North American province (Laurentia), the South China-Kazakhstan province, and the Avalonia-Baltica province (Wales, Belgium and Sweden). Surprisingly, the Girvan district of Scotland, which was a peri-Laurentian terrane during the Ordovician, contains a late Katian brachiopod fauna that is more closely related to the contemporaneous brachiopods of Avalonia-Baltica than to those of North America.     

全球啄木鸟濒危格局及研究现状

啄木鸟科物种作为初级洞巢者与蛀干害虫控制者,对森林高度依赖,是森林生态系统重要的伞护种和环境指示物种。自20世纪以来,由于全球范围的栖息地丧失和片段化,啄木鸟科物种的森林生境急剧萎缩,威胁着该类群物种的生存和繁衍。为探究啄木鸟科动物濒危情况和研究现状,本研究利用世界自然保护联盟濒危物种红色名录(IUCN Red List)和国际鸟盟(BirdLife International)在线数据库,检索并整理出1988年到2023年以下内容：(1)全球啄木鸟的物种数、濒危等级及其变化情况;(2)各大洲的啄木鸟物种数及其受威胁物种的比例;(3)啄木鸟的主要威胁因素;(4)通过Google学术搜索等方式检索并统计啄木鸟相关文章的研究内容。结果显示：(1)目前现存254种啄木鸟,33年间全球受威胁啄木鸟由7种增加至18种,受威胁物种数占当年已命名啄木鸟物种数的比例由3.4%上升至7.0%。(2)亚洲、南美洲和北美洲各分布了83种、93种和56种啄木鸟,受威胁物种占比分别为12.0%、6.4%、5.3%。非洲和欧洲分别分布了36种和11种啄木鸟,当前没有受威胁物种。(3)农业和生物资源利用以及放牧是啄木鸟的主要威胁因素。(4)共检索到研究啄木鸟的有关文章1 024篇,研究覆盖了140种啄木鸟,其中,文章数最多的物种是红顶啄木鸟(Leuconotopicus borealis)(162篇)。研究主要集中在巢相关特征(129篇)、生境选择特征(122篇)、取食行为(112篇)、繁殖行为(99篇)和种群状况(66篇)等基础生态学内容。这些研究为啄木鸟生物学、生态学积累了一定的基础,但物种覆盖程度还远远不够。在生物多样性急剧丧失的大背景下,亟需开展更为广泛和深入的研究。本研究对全球啄木鸟的濒危格局与研究现状进行了全面的分析,以期为后续啄木鸟的研究与保护工作提供参考。     

白裤瑶体质人类学研究

本文对953名(男605人,女348人)生活在贵州和广西接境地带的白裤瑶民族进行了活体调查(观察28个项目,测量63个项目)。调查对象年龄为22—55岁,三代均系白裤瑶。分析结果表明：白裤瑶属蒙古人种南亚类型,具有典型现代黄种人的容貌特征。多为圆头型,以超狭面型多见,属中鼻型,矮型身材。白裤瑶与南方16个少数民族群体10项头面部体部测量数据聚类分析,结果显示白裤瑶人群的体质特征与贵州毛南族、湖南侗族、云南苗族最为接近,与广西苗族、彝族、侗族、瑶族次之,与贵州苗族、水族以及湖南土家族、瑶族等民族较远。     

玉米核雄性不育材料的研究及其分子育种中的利用

玉米核雄性不育材料是宝贵的种质资源。本文概述了玉米核雄性不育材料的发现、研究和利用的最新进展情况,重点针对核不育基因在染色体上的定位、细胞学研究和标记性状的利用进行了简要综述,并对这一宝贵的种质资源在生物技术迅速发展条件下的利用提出了新构想。     

Microsatellite variability reveals the necessity for genetic input from wild giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) into the captive population

Recent success in breeding giant pandas in captivity has encouraged panda conservationists to believe that the ex situ population is ready to serve as a source for supporting the wild population. In this study, we used 11 microsatellite DNA markers to assess the amount and distribution of genetic variability present in the two largest captive populations (Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Sichuan Province and the China Research and Conservation Center for the Giant Panda at Wolong, Sichuan Province). The data were compared with those samples from wild pandas living in two key giant panda nature reserves (Baoxing Nature Reserve and Wanglang Nature Reserve). The results show that the captive populations have retained lower levels of allelic diversity and heterozygosity compared to isolated wild populations. However, low inbreeding coefficients indicate that captive populations are under careful genetic management. Excessive heterozygosity suggests that the two captive populations have experienced a genetic bottleneck, presumably caused by founder effects. Moreover, evidence of increased genetic divergence demonstrates restricted breeding options within facilities. Based on these results, we conclude that the genetic diversity in the captive populations is not optimal. Introduction of genetic materials from wild pandas and improved exchange of genetic materials among institutions will be necessary for the captive pandas to be representative of the wild populations.     

斜卧青霉原生质体制备和再生的研究

研究了斜卧青霉原生质体制备和再生的条件,确定了培养方式、菌龄、渗透压稳定剂、酶的配比、酶解时间等因素对原生质体制备和再生的影响。最佳条件：菌丝体培养12h,用1％溶壁酶＋1％纤维素酶＋1％蜗牛酶的混合酶液酶解,将NaCl作为渗透压稳定剂,酶解时间为1．5h。在此条件下原生质体的形成量达到5．3×10^5个／mL,再生率为19．4％。     

重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子的N端氨基定点PEG化修饰

尽管重组粒细胞集落刺激因子(rhG-CSF)具有重大的治疗价值,然而在实际应用却受到体内半衰期过短因而需要频繁重复注射的限制．为了解决这一问题,我们利用两种不同分子量（5 kD和 20 kD）的单甲氧基聚乙二醇丙醛（mPEG-PAL）对rhG-CSF的N端氨基进行了定点PEG化修饰．通过正交实验的统计学方法得到了最适修饰条件．研究发现,PEG化后的rhG-CSF具有了更高的体外稳定性,其体内活性也得到了很大提高,体内作用时间得到很大延长．因此,对于rhG-CSF的N端氨基定点PEG化修饰,可以显著提高rhG-CSF的临床应用价值．